Yes, you can cast spells on the stack above your initial spell if they can be cast at instant speed. However, if you cast a spell then pass priority to your opponent to see whether or not they will respond, and they in turn decide to do nothing, you will not have a chance to add to the stack at that point. Your initial spell will resolve and you'll receive priority. Basically, you have to cast everything that you want to be on the stack in one go; otherwise, your opponent can decide not to respond and everything will begin resolving.
On a side note, if your opponent does decide to respond, you will receive priority again once they have passed it to you, and in that case you may add spells and abilities to the stack. Also, if multiple spells on the stack are resolving, priority will pass between every player after each resolution starting with the active player (you in the given example) and each player will have a chance to respond and add more spells and abilities to the stack.